Annotated spectrogram of the “loud song” of a male ocellated antbird.

<p>Loud song structure was quantified using on-screen cursors to measure the following time and frequency traits: (1) maximum frequency of the first element (Max F. 1st) (2) maximum frequency of center elements (Max F. mid), (3) maximum frequency of the last element (F. last), (4) maximum frequency of the element with highest frequency (Max F. highest), (5) maximum frequency of the element with the lowest frequency (Max F. Lowest), (6) maximum frequency of the entire vocalization (Max F.)*, (7) total bandwidth of the vocalization (bandwidth), (8) vocalization duration (Duration), (9) time elapsed until the element with the highest frequency was produced (Time to Max F Highest )*, (10) time elapsed until the element with the maximum frequency of the entire vocalization was produced (Time to Max F )*, (11) number of elements produced after the element with the highest frequency*. Maximum frequency refers to the frequency with most energy in the element. * Measurements not shown in the annotated spectrogram.